DAR File No. 39895

Health, Family Health and Preparedness, Child Care Licensing

Rule R430-90

Licensed Family Child Care

Notice of Proposed Rule

(Amendment)

DAR File No.: 39895
Filed: 10/30/2015 08:58:29 AM

RULE ANALYSIS

Purpose of the rule or reason for the change:

The proposed changes are mostly to clarify rules to facilitate compliance.

Summary of the rule or change:

This minor rule change includes needed definitions, clarification of some terms, and the deletion of some no longer required processes.

State statutory or constitutional authorization for this rule:

• Title 26, Chapter 39

Anticipated cost or savings to:

the state budget:

Since these are minor changes to the rule, the Department does not anticipate any cost or savings as a result of this change.

local governments:

Since the proposed changes are mostly clarification to the current rule, the Department does not anticipate any new costs or savings to child care programs operated by state agencies.

small businesses:

Almost all family child cares are small businesses. Since the proposed changes are mostly clarification to the current rule, the Department does not anticipate any new costs or savings to child care small business.

persons other than small businesses, businesses, or local governmental entities:

Because this rule will not change any of the requirements for family child care programs, the Department does not anticipate any new costs or savings to entities or persons that are not small businesses.

Compliance costs for affected persons:

Because this rule will not change any of the requirements for family child care programs, the Department does not anticipate any compliance costs for affected persons.

Comments by the department head on the fiscal impact the rule may have on businesses:

This amendment has no fiscal impact on business in that it does not include any additional requirements for providers.

Joseph Miner, MD, Executive Director

The full text of this rule may be inspected, during regular business hours, at the Division of Administrative Rules, or at:

Health
Family Health and Preparedness, Child Care Licensing
3760 S HIGHLAND DR
SALT LAKE CITY, UT 84106

Direct questions regarding this rule to:

• Simon Bolivar at the above address, by phone at 801-803-4618, by FAX at 801-237-0786, or by Internet E-mail at [email protected]

Interested persons may present their views on this rule by submitting written comments to the address above no later than 5:00 p.m. on:

12/15/2015

This rule may become effective on:

01/01/2016

Authorized by:

Joseph Miner, Executive Director

R430. Health, Family Health and Preparedness, Child Care Licensing.

R430-90. Licensed Family Child Care.

R430-90-2. Definitions.

(1) "Body fluid" means blood, urine, feces, vomit, mucus, or saliva.

(2) "Caregiver" means a person in addition to the licensee or substitute, including an assistant caregiver, who provides direct care to a child in care.

(3) "Department" means the Utah Department of Health.

(4) "Emotional abuse" means behavior that could impair a child's emotional development, such as threatening, intimidating, humiliating, or demeaning a child, constant criticism, rejection, profane language, and inappropriate physical restraint.

(5) "Health care provider" means a licensed professional with prescriptive authority, such as a physician, nurse practitioner, or physician's assistant.

(6) "Inaccessible to children" means:

(a) locked, such as in a locked room, cupboard or drawer;

(b) secured with a child safety device, such as a child safety cupboard lock or doorknob device;

(c) behind a properly secured child safety gate;

(d) located in a cupboard or on a shelf more than 36 inches above the floor; or

(e) not in any location in a bathroom where a child could reach, including by climbing on a toilet, bathtub, or counter.

(7) "Infant" means a child aged birth through 11 months of age.

(8) "Infectious disease" means an illness that is capable of being spread from one person to another.

(9) "Licensee" means the person holding a Department of Health child care license.

(10) "Over-the-counter medication" means medication that can be purchased without a written prescription. This includes herbal remedies and vitamin and mineral supplements.

(11) "Parent" means the parent or legal guardian of a child in care.

(12) "Physical abuse" means causing non-accidental physical harm to a child.

(13) "Preschooler" means a child aged 2 through 4, and 5 year olds who have not yet started kindergarten.

(14) "Provider" means the licensee, a substitute, a caregiver, or an assistant caregiver.

(15) "Related children" means children for whom a provider is the parent, legal guardian, step-parent, grandparent, step-grandparent, great-grandparent, sibling, step-sibling, aunt, step-aunt, great-aunt, uncle, step-uncle, or great-uncle.

(16) "Sanitize" means to reduce the number of germs on a surface to such a level that disease transmission by that surface is unlikely.

(17) "School age" means [kindergarten and older age children]children ages five through twelve.

(18) "Sexual abuse" means abuse as provided in Utah Code, Section 76-5-404.1.

(19) "Sexually explicit material" means any depiction of sexually explicit conduct, as defined in Utah Code, Section 76-5a-2(8).

(20) "Sleeping equipment" means a cot, mat, crib, bassinet, porta-crib, play pen, or bed.

(21) "Stationary play equipment" means equipment such as a climber, a slide, a swing, a merry-go-round, or a spring rocker that is meant to stay in one location when a child uses it. Stationary play equipment does not include:

(a) a sandbox;

(b) a stationary circular tricycle;

(c) a sensory table; or

(d) a playhouse, if the playhouse has no play equipment, such as a slide, swing, ladder, or climber attached to it.

(22) "Strangulation hazard" means something on a component of playground equipment on which a child's clothes or something around a child's neck could become caught. For example, bolt ends that extend more than two threads beyond the face of the nut, hardware configurations that form a hook or leave a gap or space between components, and open "S" type hooks.

(23) "Substitute" means a person who assumes either the licensee's or a caregiver's duties under this rule when the licensee or caregiver is not present. This includes emergency substitutes.

(24) "Supervision" means the function of observing, overseeing, and guiding a child or group of children.

(25) "Toddler" means a child aged 12 months but less than 24 months.

(26) "Unrelated children" means children who are not related children.

(27) "Use zone" means the area beneath and surrounding a play structure or piece of equipment that is designated for unrestricted movement around the equipment, and onto which a child falling from or exiting the equipment could be expected to land.

(28) "Volunteer" means a person who provides direct care to a child but does not receive direct or indirect compensation for doing so. A volunteer is not included in the provider to child ratio.

 

R430-90-6. Outdoor Environment.

(1) There shall be an outdoor play area for children that is safely accessible to children.

(2) The outdoor play area shall have at least 40 square feet of space for each child using the space at one time.

(3) The outdoor play area shall be enclosed within a 4 foot high fence or wall, or within a solid natural barrier that is at least 4 feet high if:

(a) the licensee's home is located on a street with a speed limit higher than 25 miles per hour, or within half a mile of a street with a speed limit higher than 25 miles per hour; or

(b) the licensee's home is located on a street with more than two lanes of traffic, or within half a mile of a street with more than two lanes of traffic.

(4) If any of the following hazards exist, they must be located behind a 4 foot high fence, wall, or solid barrier that separates the hazard from the children's outdoor play area:

(a) livestock on the licensee's property or within 50 yards of the licensee's property line;

(b) a water hazard, such as a swimming pool, pond, ditch, lake, reservoir, river, stream, creek, or animal watering trough, on the licensee's property or within 100 yards of the licensee's property line;

(c) dangerous machinery, such as farm equipment, on the licensee's property or within 50 yards of the licensee's property line;

(d) a drop-off of more than five feet on the licensee's property or within 50 yards of the licensee's property line; or

(e) barbed wire within 30 feet of the children's play area.

(5) The outdoor play area shall be free of poisonous plants, harmful objects, toxic or hazardous substances, and standing water.

(6) When in use by a child in care, the outdoor play area shall be free of animal excrement.

(7) If a fence or barrier is required in Subsections (3) or (4) above, or Subsections 12(10)(c)(i) or 12(11)(b) below, there shall be no gap greater than five inches in the fence or barrier, nor shall any gap between the bottom of the fence or barrier and the ground be greater than five inches.

(8) The outdoor play area shall have a shaded area to protect each child from excessive sun and heat whenever there are children in the outdoor play area.

(9) An outdoor source of drinking water, such as individually labeled water bottles or a pitcher of water and individual cups that are taken outside, shall be available to each child whenever the outside temperature is 75 degrees or higher.

(10) Stationary play equipment used by any child in care shall not be located over hard surfaces such as cement, asphalt, or packed dirt, and shall have a 3' use zone that is free of hard surfaces. The licensee shall have until 1 September 2013 to meet the 3' use zone requirement.

(11) The licensee shall ensure that children using outdoor play equipment use it safely and in the manner intended by the manufacturer.

(12) There shall be no openings of a size greater than 3-1/2 by 6-1/4 inches and less than 9 inches in diameter on or within the use zone of any piece of stationary play equipment where the feet of any child in care whose head is entrapped in the opening cannot touch the ground.

(13) There shall be no strangulation hazard on, within the use zone of, or adjacent to the use zone of any piece of stationary play equipment.

(14) There shall be no crush, shearing, or sharp edge hazards on, within the use zone of, or adjacent to the use zone of any piece of stationary play equipment.

(15) There shall be no tripping hazards, such as concrete footings, tree stumps, exposed tree roots, or rocks within the use zone of any piece of stationary play equipment.

(16) The licensee shall ensure that outdoor play areas and outdoor play equipment are maintained to protect each child's safety.

 

R430-90-8. Administration.

(1) The licensee is responsible for all aspects of the operation and management of the child care program.

(2) The licensee shall comply with all federal, state, and local laws and rules pertaining to the operation of a child care program.

(3) The licensee shall not engage in or allow conduct that is adverse to the public health, morals, welfare, and safety of the children in care.

(4) The licensee shall take all reasonable measures to protect the safety of each child in care. The licensee shall not engage in activity or allow conduct that unreasonably endangers any child in care.

(5) Either the licensee or a substitute with authority to act on behalf of the licensee shall be present whenever there is a child in care.

(6) Each week, the licensee shall be present at the home at least 50% of the time that one or more children are in care.

(7) There shall be a working telephone in the home. The licensee shall inform the parents of each child in care and the Department of any changes to the licensee's telephone number within 48 hours of the change.

(8) [The licensee shall call the Department within 24 hours to report any fatality, hospitalization, emergency medical response, or injury that requires attention from a health care provider, unless an emergency medical transport was part of a child's individualized medical treatment plan identified by the parent. The licensee shall also mail or fax a written report to the Department within five days of the incident.]The provider shall report to the Child Care Licensing Program within the next Department business day any fatality, hospitalization, emergency medical response, or injury that requires attention from a health care provider, unless that medical service was part of the child's medical treatment plan identified by the parent. The provider shall also submit a written report to Child Care Licensing within five working days of the incident.

(9) The licensee shall establish, and shall ensure that all providers follow, written policies and procedures for the health and safety of each child in care. The written policies and procedures shall address at least the following areas:

(a) direct supervision and protection of each child at all times, including when he or she is sleeping, outdoors, and during off-site activities;

(b) procedures to account for each child's attendance and whereabouts;

(c) the licensee's policy and practices regarding sick children, and whether they are allowed to be in care;

(d) recognizing early signs of illness and determining when there is a need for exclusion from care;

(e) discipline of children, including behavioral expectations of children and discipline methods used;

(f) transportation to and from off-site activities, or to and from home, if the licensee offers these services; and

(g) if the program offers transportation to or from school, policies addressing:

(i) how long a child will be unattended by a provider before school starts and after school lets out;

(ii) what steps will be taken if a child fails to meet the vehicle; and

(iii) how and when parents will be notified of delays or problems with transportation to and from school.

(10) The licensee shall ensure that the written policies and procedures are available for review by parents and the Department during business hours.

(11) The licensee shall train and supervise all caregivers and substitutes to:

(a) ensure their compliance with this rule;

(b) ensure they meet the needs of the children in care as specified in this rule; and

(c) ensure that children are not subjected to emotional, physical, or sexual abuse while in care.

 

R430-90-9. Records.

(1) The licensee shall maintain on-site for review by the Department during any inspection the following general records:

(a) documentation of the previous 12 months of quarterly fire drills and annual disaster drills as specified in R430-90-10(9) and R430-90-10(11);

(b) current animal vaccination records as required in R430-90-22(2)(b);

(c) a six week record of child attendance as required in R430-90-13(3);

(d) a current local health department kitchen inspection;

(e) an initial local fire department clearance for all areas of the home being used for care; and

(f) [approved initial "CBS/LIS Consent and Release of Liability for Child Care" form]c opy of the current background screening card issued by the Department for all providers, volunteers, and each person age 12 and older who resides in the licensee's home;

[(g) if the licensee has been licensed for more than a year, the most recent criminal background "Disclosure Statement" which includes all providers, volunteers, and each person age 12 and older who resided in the home of the licensee at any time since the last license renewal; and

(h) if the licensee has been licensed for more than a year, the most recent "Request for Annual Renewal of CBS/LIS Criminal History Information for Child Care" which includes all providers, volunteers, and each person age 12 and older who resided in the home of the licensee at any time since the last license renewal.]

(2) The licensee shall maintain on-site for review by the Department during any inspection the following records for each enrolled child:

(a) an admission form containing the following information for each child:

(i) name;

(ii) date of birth;

(iii) the parent's name, address, and phone number, including a daytime phone number;

(iv) the names of people authorized by the parent to pick up the child;

(v) the name, address and phone number of a person to be contacted in the event of an emergency if a provider is unable to contact the parent;

(vi) child health information, as required in R430-90-14(7); and

(vii) current emergency medical treatment and emergency medical transportation releases with the parent's signature;

(b) current immunization records or documentation of a legally valid exemption, as specified in R430-90-14(5) and (6);

(c) a completed transportation permission form, if transportation services are offered to any child in care;

(d) a six week record of medication permission forms, and a six week record of medications actually administered as specified in R430-90-17(4) and R430-90-17(6)(f), if medications are administered to any child in care; and

(e) a six week record of incident, accident, and injury reports.

(3) The licensee shall maintain on-site for review by the Department during any inspection the following records for the licensee and each non-emergency substitute and caregiver:

(a) orientation training documentation for all non-emergency substitutes and caregivers as required in R430-90-7(8);

(b) annual training documentation for the past two years, for the licensee and all non-emergency substitutes and caregivers, as required in R430-90-7(9)(a); and

(c) current first aid and CPR certification, as required in R430-90-10(2), R430-90-20(3)(d), and R430-90-21(2).

(4) The licensee shall maintain on-site for review by the Department during any inspection orientation training documentation for each volunteer as required in R430-90-7(8).

(5) The licensee shall ensure that information in any child's file is not released without written parental permission.

 

R430-90-11. Supervision and Ratios.

(1) The licensee or a substitute shall be physically present on-site and provide care and direct supervision of each child at all times, both indoors and outdoors. Direct care and supervision of each child includes:

(a) awareness of and responsibility for each child in care, including being near enough to intervene if needed;

(b) ensuring that there is a provider present inside the home when a child in care is inside the home, and there is a provider present in the outdoor play area when a child in care is outdoors, except as allowed in subsection (2) below for school age children; and

(c) monitoring of each sleeping infant in one of the following ways:

(i) by placing each infant for sleep in a location where the infant is within sight and hearing of a provider; or

(ii) by in person observation of each sleeping infant at least once every 15 minutes; [or

(iii) by using a Department-approved infant sleep monitoring device.]

(2) A provider shall actively supervise each child during outdoor play to minimize the risk of injury to a child. A provider may allow only school age children to play outdoors while the provider is indoors, if:

(a) a provider can hear the children playing outdoors; and

(b) the children playing outdoors are in an area completely enclosed within a 4 foot high fence or wall, or a solid natural barrier that is at least 4 feet high.

(3) The licensee may permit a child to participate in supervised out of the home activities without the licensee if:

(a) the licensee has prior written permission from the child's parent for the child's participation; and

(b) the licensee has clearly assigned the responsibility for the child's whereabouts and supervision to a responsible adult who accepts responsibility for the care and supervision of the child throughout the period of the out of home activity.

(4) The maximum allowed capacity for a licensed family child care facility is 16 children, including providers' own children under age four.

(5) The licensee shall maintain a provider to child ratio of one provider for up to eight children in care, and two providers for nine to sixteen children in care.

(a) Children in care include the providers' own children under the age of four.

(b) Providers who are included in the provider to child ratio must meet all of the requirements of this rule.

(6) There shall be no more than four children under the age of two in care with two providers; and no more than two children under the age of two in care with one provider, except that if there are six or fewer children in care, there may be up to three children under the age of two in care.

(7) The total number of children in care may be further limited based on square footage, as found in Subsections R430-90-4(7) through (9).

(8) The licensee shall not exceed the maximum group sizes found in Table 1 and Table 2.

 

. . . . . . .

 

R430-90-12. Injury Prevention.

(1) The licensee shall ensure that the home, outdoor play area, toys, and equipment are maintained and used in a safe manner to prevent injury to children.

(2) The licensee shall ensure that walkways are free of tripping hazards such as unsecured flooring or cords in walkways.

(3) Areas accessible to children shall be free of unstable heavy equipment, furniture, or other items that a child could pull down on himself or herself.

(4) The following items shall be inaccessible to each child in care:

(a) firearms, ammunition, and other weapons on the premises. Firearms shall be stored separately from ammunition, in a cabinet or area that is locked with a key or combination lock, unless the use is in accordance with the Utah Concealed Weapons Act, or as otherwise allowed by law;

(b) tobacco, e-cigarettes, e-juice, e-liquids, open containers of alcohol, illegal substances, and sexually explicit material;

(c) when in use: portable space heaters, fireplaces, and wood burning stoves;

(d) toxic or hazardous chemicals such as cleaners, insecticides, lawn products, and flammable materials;

(e) poisonous plants;

(f) matches or cigarette lighters;

(g) open flames;

(h) sharp objects, edges, corners, or points which could cut or puncture skin;

(i) for children age 4 and under, ropes, cords, chains, and wires long enough to encircle a child's neck, such as those found on window blinds or drapery cords;

(j) for children age 4 and under, empty plastic bags large enough for a child's head to fit inside, latex gloves, and balloons; and

(k) for children age 2 and under, toys or other items with a diameter of less than 1-1/4 inch and a length of less than 2-1/4 inches, or objects with removable parts that have a diameter of less than 1-1/4 inch and a length of less than 2-1/4 inches.

(5) The licensee shall ensure that all toxic or hazardous chemicals are stored in a container labeled with its contents.

(6) Electrical outlets and surge protectors accessible to children age four and younger shall have protective caps or safety devices when not in use.

(7) Hot water accessible to children shall not exceed 120 degrees Fahrenheit.

(8) High chairs shall have T-shaped safety straps or devices that are used whenever a child is in the chair.

(9) If a wading pool is used:

(a) a provider must be at the pool supervising each child whenever there is water in the pool;

(b) diapered children must wear swim diapers and rubber pants whenever they are in the pool;

(c) the pool shall be emptied and sanitized after each use; and

(d) before each child in care uses the pool, the licensee shall obtain parental permission for the child to use the pool.

(10) If there is a swimming pool on the premises that is not emptied after each use:

(a) a provider must be at the pool supervising each child whenever a child in care is using the pool or has access to the pool;

(b) diapered children must wear swim diapers and rubber pants whenever they are in the pool;

(c) the licensee shall ensure that children in care are protected from unintended access to the pool in one of the following ways:

(i) the pool is enclosed within a fence or other solid barrier at least four feet high that is kept locked whenever the pool is not in use by any child in care; or

(ii) the pool has a properly working safety cover that meets ASTM Standard F1346, and the safety cover is in place whenever the pool is not in use by any child in care;

(d) the licensee shall maintain the pool in a safe manner;

(e) the licensee shall meet all applicable state and local laws and ordinances related to the operation of a swimming pool;

(f) if the pool is over six feet deep, there shall be a Red Cross certified life guard on duty, or a lifeguard certified by another agency that the licensee can demonstrate to the Department to be equivalent to Red Cross certification, any time any child in care has access to the pool; and

(g) before each child in care uses the pool, the licensee shall obtain parental permission for the child to use the pool.

(11) If there is a hot tub on the premises with water in it, the licensee shall ensure that children in care are protected from unintended access to the hot tub in one of the following ways:

(a) it shall have a properly working locking cover that is kept locked whenever there is any child in care on the premises; or

(b) it shall be surrounded by a four foot fence.

(12) If there is a trampoline on the premises that is accessible to any child in care, the licensee shall ensure compliance with the following requirements:

(a) A provider must be at the trampoline supervising its use whenever any child in care is on the trampoline.

(b) Only one person at a time may use a trampoline.

(c) No child in care shall be allowed to do somersaults or flips on the trampoline.

(d) The trampoline must have shock absorbing pads that completely cover its springs, hooks, and frame.

(e) The trampoline must be placed at least 6' away from any structure or object onto which a child could fall, including playground equipment, trees, and fences. If the trampoline is completely enclosed within properly installed netting that is in good repair and is at least 6' tall, and that is used as specified by the manufacturer, the trampoline must be placed at least 3' away from any structure or object onto which a child could fall, including playground equipment, trees, and fences.

(f) There shall be no ladders near the trampoline.

(g) No child in care shall be allowed to play under the trampoline when it is in use.

(h) A parent of each child in care who uses the trampoline shall sign a Department-approved permission form before his or her child uses the trampoline.

(i) The trampoline shall be placed over grass or six inches of protective cushioning, which shall extend six feet from the perimeter of the trampoline frame, or three feet from the perimeter of the trampoline frame if a net is used as specified above in subsection (e).

 

R430-90-24. Infant and Toddler Care.

If the licensee accepts infants or toddlers for care, the following applies:

(1) If an infant is not able to sit upright and hold his or her own bottle, a provider shall hold the infant during bottle feeding. Bottles shall not be propped.

(2) A provider shall clean and sanitize high chair trays prior to each use.

(3) A provider shall cut solid foods for infants into pieces no larger than 1/4 inch in diameter. A provider shall cut solid foods for toddlers into pieces no larger than 1/2 inch in diameter.

(4) If there is more than one infant or toddler in care, baby food, formula, and breast milk for each child that is brought from home must be labeled with the child's name or another unique identifier.

(5) Baby food, formula, and breast milk that is brought from home for an individual child's use must be:

(a) kept refrigerated if needed; and

(b) discarded within 24 hours of preparation or opening, except that powdered formula or dry foods which are opened, but are not mixed, are not considered prepared.

(6) The licensee shall ensure that formula and milk, including breast milk, is discarded after each feeding, or within two hours of initiating a feeding.

(7) To prevent burns, a provider shall shake each heated bottle and test it for temperature before the bottle is fed to a child.

(8) If there is more than one infant or toddler in care, pacifiers and bottles shall be:

(a) labeled with each child's name or another unique identifier; or

(b) washed and sanitized after each individual use, before use by another child.

(9) The licensee shall ensure that only one infant or toddler occupies any one piece of equipment, such as a crib, playpen, stroller, or swing, at any time, unless the equipment has individual seats for more than one child.

(10) The licensee shall ensure that infants sleep in equipment designed for sleep, such as a crib, bassinet, porta-crib or play pen. The licensee shall ensure that infants are not placed to sleep on mats or cots, or in bouncers, swings, car seats, or other similar pieces of equipment, unless the licensee has written permission from the infant's parent.

(11) The licensee shall ensure that each crib used by a child in care:

(a) has a tight fitting mattress;

(b) has slats spaced no more than 2-3/8 inches apart;

(c) has at least 20 inches from the top of the mattress to the top of the crib rail, or at least 12 inches from the top of the mattress to the top of the crib rail if the child using the crib cannot sit up without assistance;[and]

(d) does not have strings, cords, ropes, or other entanglement hazards strung upon the crib rails or within reach of the child ; and

(e) meet CPSC crib standards.

(12) The licensee shall ensure that infants are not placed on their stomachs for sleeping, unless there is documentation from a health care provider for treatment of a medical condition.

(13) The licensee shall ensure that each infant and toddler is allowed to follow his or her own pattern of sleeping and eating.

(14) Infant walkers with wheels are prohibited.

(15) The licensee shall ensure that infants and toddlers do not have access to objects made of styrofoam.

(16) The licensee shall ensure that a provider responds as promptly as possible to infants and toddlers who are in emotional distress due to conditions such as hunger, fatigue, wet or soiled diapers, fear, teething, or illness.

(17) The licensee shall ensure that awake infants and toddlers receive positive physical stimulation and positive verbal interaction with a provider at least once every 20 minutes.

(18) The licensee shall ensure that awake infants and toddlers are not confined for more than 30 minutes in one piece of equipment, such as swings, high chairs, cribs, play pens, or other similar pieces of equipment.

(19) The licensee shall ensure that mobile infants and toddlers have freedom of movement in a safe area.

(20) To stimulate their healthy development, there shall be safe toys accessible to infants and toddlers. The licensee shall ensure that there are enough toys for each child in the group to be engaged in play with toys.

(21) The licensee shall ensure that all toys used by infants and toddlers are cleaned and sanitized:

(a) weekly;

(b) after being put in a child's mouth before another child uses it; and

(c) after being contaminated by any body fluid.

 

KEY: child care facilities, licensed family child care

Date of Enactment or Last Substantive Amendment: [September 1, 2013]2015

Notice of Continuation: May 29, 2013

Authorizing, and Implemented or Interpreted Law: 26-39